23 3 water shapes the land
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Water shapes the land through various erosion processes including sediment deposition, water erosion, groundwater erosion, and glacial erosion. Sediment is washed away by streams and rivers and deposited elsewhere, building up landforms like deltas. Groundwater seeps through cracks and pores in rock, dissolving soft stone and leaving behind caves, sinkholes, and stalactites. Glaciers pick up and redistribute sediment as they advance and retreat.
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Erosion and Deposition
TRUE OR FALSE: The Earth’s surface has stayed the same for thousands of years
FALSE: the Earth’s surface is always changing
EXAMPLE
EROSION & DEPOSITION
EROSION
Is the process by which natural forces move weathered rock and soil from one place to another.
Sediment – material moved by erosion .
DEPOSITION
Occurs where the agents of erosion lay down sediment.
Mass Movement
Any one of several processes that move sediment downhill.
Different types of Mass Movement
Landslide
- occurs when rock and soil slide quickly down a steep slope.
Different types of Mass Movement
Mudflow
- mudflow is a rapid downhill movement of a mixture of water, rock, and soil.
Different types of Mass Movement
Slump
- a mass of rock and soil suddenly slips down a slope.
Different types of Mass Movement
Creep
- very slow downhill movement of rock and soil.
Water Erosion
Rills and Gullies
Rills
- tiny grooves in the soil.
Gully
- a large groove , or channel, in the soil that carries runoff after a rainstorm
Streams and Rivers
Stream
- a channel along which water is continually flowing down a slope.
River
- a large stream
Amount of Runoff
In an area depends on five main factors:
1st – amount of rain
2nd – vegetation
3rd – type of soil
4th – shape of the land
5th – how people use the land
Erosion by River
Through erosion, a river creates a waterfalls, flood plains, meanders, and oxbow lakes.
Waterfall
May occur where a river meets an area of rock that is very hard and erodes slowly.
Flood plain
Flat, wide area of land along a river.
Meander
A loop like bend in the course of the river
Oxbow lake
A meander that has been cut off from the river.
Deposits by River
Deposition creates landforms such as alluvial fans and deltas. It can also add soil to a river’s flood plain.
Alluvial Fans
A wide, sloping deposit of sediment formed where a stream leaves a mountain range.
Deltas
Sediment deposited where a river flows into an ocean or lake.
Groundwater Erosion
Groundwater can cause erosion through a process of chemical weathering.
Stalactite – hangs down from the roof of a cave.
Stalagmite – pointed piece of rock that sticks u p from the floor.
How Water Erode and Carries Sediment
Most sediment washes or falls into the river as a result of mass movement and runoff. Other sediment erodes from the bottom or sides of the river.
Abrasion- is the wearing away of rock by grinding action.
- occurs when particles of sediment in flowing water bumped into the steam again and again.
Erosion and Sediment Load
A river’s slope, volume of flow, and the shape of its trembled all affect how fast the river flows and how much sediment it can erode.
Slope
Is the amount the river drops toward sea level over a give distance.
Volume of Flow
A river’s flow is the volume of water that moves past a point on the river on a given time.
Streambed Shape
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The document discusses glacial and postglacial landforms caused by meltwater from glaciers. As glaciers melt, they deposit sediments in characteristic landforms such as moraines, eskers, and kames. Postglacially, melting ice sheets caused sea levels to fluctuate as land rose, leaving raised beaches and terraces. Seasonal meltwater also formed varved clays in lakes.
Deposition from Melt Waters, Late-Glacial and Postglacial Phenomena.pdf
The document discusses glacial and postglacial landforms caused by meltwater from glaciers. As glaciers melt, they deposit sediments in characteristic landforms such as moraines, eskers, and kames. Postglacially, melting ice sheets caused sea levels to fluctuate as land rose, leaving raised beaches and terraces. Seasonal meltwater also formed varved clays in lakes.
Groundwater
Groundwater forms when water infiltrates the earth's surface and collects underground. It is found in the saturated zone below the water table. Groundwater moves slowly through the pores and cracks in soil, sand, and rock. Over time, groundwater can cause erosion and dissolve limestone bedrock to form caves, sinkholes, and karst topography.
What are fluvioglacial processes?
Here is a 4 mark labelled sketch of an esker:
[SKETCH OF AN ESKER]:
- Sinuous ridge
- Coarse gravel and sand
- Stratified layers
- 5-20m high
Eskers form through the process of subglacial deposition:
Meltwater flows through tunnels beneath the glacier. As it flows, it deposits material in the tunnel. Coarser material is deposited first, creating layers. As the glacier melts away, it leaves behind the sinuous ridge of stratified sand and gravel - the esker. The tunnel walls confined the meltwater flow and pressure, allowing transport and deposition of material.
Ch 3 Our Changing Earth 2.pptx
This document discusses how the Earth's landscape is continuously changed by various forces. It describes how rivers erode landscapes to form landforms like waterfalls, meanders, ox-bow lakes, and deltas. Sea waves erode coastal areas to form sea caves, sea arches, and sea cliffs. Glaciers erode and deposit material as they move, leaving behind moraines and carving out lakes. Wind erosion forms structures like mushroom rocks and deposits materials to create sand dunes and loess. The document provides examples of different landforms shaped by these external, or exogenic, geological processes.
Features formed by a river systems
It includes some of the major features formed by a river system. Hope you all will like it. Please leave behind a coment.
Intorduction to Volcanology, Weathering, Erotion, Dispertion and Soil.
i've taken slides combined them and aded a few details.
Glacial landforms AS Level Geography
This document describes various glacial and periglacial landforms formed by glacial erosion and deposition. Cirques are round hollows formed by glacial erosion in mountain regions. Arêtes are knife-edged ridges formed between two cirques, and pyramidal peaks form where three or more cirques meet. Glacial erosion can also form U-shaped valleys called troughs. Deposition by glaciers forms landforms like till, moraines, drumlins and erratics. Periglacial processes in cold regions without glaciers form patterned ground, ice wedges, pingos and other landforms through freeze-thaw action.
G 7 CH-3 GEO NCERT full chapter
The document discusses different landforms created by geological processes. It describes exogenic and endogenic forces that shape the Earth's surface, including weathering, erosion, and the work of rivers, seas, ice, and wind. Specifically, it explains how rivers form meanders, ox-bow lakes, floodplains, and deltas, and how sea waves create sea cliffs, arches, and stacks by eroding coastal rocks. It also discusses how glaciers transport debris in moraines and how wind forms sand dunes and deposits loess in deserts.
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Deposition from Melt Waters, Late-Glacial and Postglacial Phenomena.pdf
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More from robtownsend
24 1 the atmosphere
The atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and other gases that surround the Earth. It protects the Earth from harmful rays from the sun while trapping heat, and provides conditions suitable for life. The atmosphere consists of four main layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - with decreasing air pressure and density at higher altitudes. The stratosphere contains the ozone layer which absorbs UV rays.
Ch 18 5 sources of light
There are several sources of light described in the document. Incandescent light bulbs produce light as electrons flow through a heated filament. Fluorescent lights emit light by causing a phosphor to emit photons through a series of collisions that change wavelengths into visible light. Laser light is a beam of coherent light emitted when excited atoms release photons; it maintains a constant intensity. Sodium-vapor lights ionize gas mixtures in a bulb, causing sodium to emit light as electrons move between energy levels upon heating.
Ch 18 4 colors
White light separates into colors when passing through a prism due to different wavelengths refracting at different angles, called dispersion. An object's color depends on both its composition and the color of light illuminating it. Primary colors are red, green, and blue, which when mixed in different amounts can create all other colors. Secondary colors are cyan, yellow, and magenta, which are combinations of two primary colors. Complimentary colors of light combine to form white light. Primary pigment colors are cyan, yellow, and magenta.
Ch 18 2 electromagnetic spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum includes various types of waves ranging from radio waves to gamma rays. Radio waves are used for radio, television, radar, and microwaves, which can be used to cook food. The electromagnetic spectrum also includes infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, and gamma rays, each with their own characteristics and applications such as medicine, agriculture, imaging internal structures, and cancer treatment.
Ch 18 1 electromagnetic waves
Electromagnetic waves consist of changing electric and magnetic fields that can travel through matter or empty space, transferring energy. They are produced when electric charges vibrate or accelerate and all travel at the same speed in a vacuum, as measured by Michelson. While wavelength and frequency vary inversely, electromagnetic radiation behaves both as waves and particles, with intensity decreasing with distance from the source as photons disperse.
15.1 notes
The document discusses different forms of energy including kinetic energy, which depends on an object's mass and speed, and potential energy, which can be gravitational or elastic. It provides examples of calculating kinetic energy for a flying bird and gravitational potential energy for a diver. The document also categorizes the main forms of energy as mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, electromagnetic, and nuclear, and notes that nuclear power plants use nuclear energy to generate electricity by splitting atoms to heat water and spin turbines.
11 3 acceleration section
Acceleration is defined as a change in an object's speed or direction over a period of time. It can be calculated by taking the change in velocity (final velocity minus initial velocity) divided by the time taken. Acceleration is measured in meters per second squared. Slowing down is considered deceleration or negative acceleration. Constant acceleration results in a steady change in velocity at the same rate over time and is represented by a straight line on a graph where the slope equals the acceleration.
3.1 notes
The document discusses the differences between solids, liquids, and gases. Solids have a definite shape and volume, do not compress, and do not assume the shape of their container. Liquids have no definite shape but a definite volume, cannot be compressed, and assume the shape of their container. Gases have no definite shape or volume, can be compressed, and assume the shape of their container. The kinetic theory states that particles in all matter are in constant motion and the behavior of gases is due to the fast, random motion of particles which overcome attractive forces between them.
2.2 notes
Physical properties are characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing a substance's composition, and include viscosity, conductivity, malleability, hardness, melting point, boiling point, and density. These properties can be used to identify materials, determine which are best for specific uses, and separate mixtures through processes like filtration and distillation.
2.1 notes
This document classifies matter as either pure substances or mixtures. Pure substances are uniform throughout and can be elements, which contain only one type of atom, or compounds, which contain two or more elements joined together. Mixtures are not uniform and can be either heterogeneous, with noticeably different parts, or homogeneous, with evenly distributed parts. Mixtures are further classified as solutions, suspensions, or colloids based on the size of particles in the mixture.
2.2 notes
Physical properties are characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of a substance. Some key physical properties include viscosity, conductivity, malleability, hardness, melting point, boiling point, and density. Physical properties can be used to identify materials, determine which are best suited for specific uses, and separate mixtures using techniques like filtration and distillation.
1.2 notes
The document outlines the scientific method which involves making observations, conducting research to form a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis through controlled experiments and data collection, drawing a conclusion, and potentially developing a new theory. It also discusses key aspects of the scientific method including forming testable hypotheses with manipulated and responding variables, controlling outside factors, revising hypotheses not supported by evidence, and how scientific laws summarize patterns in nature while theories aim to explain them. Scientific models are also mentioned as tools to visualize complex concepts.
How to make a good graph
To make a good graph, include a title, labels for the axes, and consistent scales. The x-axis should include the independent variable like time, while the y-axis includes the dependent variable measured. Data points can be connected with a smooth curve to show patterns, and less ink allows easier readability. Key details like calculations or uncertainties should be indicated on the graph as needed.
1.4 notes
Scientists use various visual formats like tables, line graphs, bar graphs, and circle graphs to organize and present data. Tables relate variables and display values in rows and columns. Line graphs show changes over time or between variables with slope indicating relationships. Bar graphs compare measurements, while circle graphs illustrate proportions of a whole.
1.3 notes
Scientific notation and SI units are used in measurement to help scientists communicate measurements clearly across countries. The basic SI units include meters, kilograms, seconds, amperes, moles, candelas, and kelvins. Derived units are calculated from the basic units, such as newtons from kilograms and meters/seconds. SI prefixes modify the scale of units, from centi to giga. The precision of calculations is limited by the measurement with the fewest significant figures. Temperature in kelvins is calculated by adding 273 to degrees Celsius.
1.2 notes
The document outlines the scientific method which involves making observations, conducting research to form a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis through controlled experiments and data collection, drawing a conclusion, and potentially developing a new theory. It also discusses key aspects of the scientific method including forming testable hypotheses with manipulated and responding variables, controlling outside factors, revising hypotheses not supported by evidence, and how scientific laws summarize patterns in nature while theories aim to explain them and cannot be proven. Scientific models are also mentioned as helping visualize complex concepts.
Ch 1 1 notes
Science begins with curiosity and uses methods to discover knowledge. It includes natural sciences like physical science, chemistry, physics, earth and space science, as well as life sciences concerning living things. Physical science covers big ideas like space and time, matter and change, forces and motion, and energy.
Ch 26-1 The sun
The document summarizes key aspects of energy from the sun and its atmospheric features. The sun's energy comes from nuclear fusion reactions in its core that convert hydrogen into helium. This outward pressure is balanced by the sun's inward gravitational force, maintaining stability. The sun's atmosphere has three layers - the visible photosphere, the middle chromosphere, and the outer corona containing hot gases that flow out as solar winds. Sunspots, prominences, and solar flares are prominent atmospheric features.
Groups of stars 26.4
Star systems consist of two or more stars held together by gravity, with over half of all stars existing in systems. Star clusters form when stars are born together in the same nebula, allowing their ages to be determined. The three types of star clusters are open clusters, associations, and globular clusters. Galaxies are classified into four main categories: spiral, barred-spiral, elliptical, and irregular galaxies, which can be distinguished by their shapes, presence of spiral arms, and stages of star formation.
Evolution of a star 26 3
Stars form from dense regions in nebulae where dust and gases heat up and contract to form a protostar with enough mass for nuclear fusion to begin. Most stars will spend around 90% of their life as a main sequence star stably fusing hydrogen into helium. A star's mass determines its place on the main sequence, with smaller, cooler red stars living the longest. Lower mass stars eventually become white dwarfs as their cores grow without outward pressure, while higher mass stars explode as supernovae, leaving behind neutron stars or black holes if the core is massive enough for its surface gravity to trap even light.
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23 3 water shapes the land
- 1. Water shapes the land 23-3
- 3. The Miss. River deposits sediment from the continent into the Gulf of Mexico.
- 6. This stream starts in the Rocky Mountains winds through this valley and ends in the Gulf of Mexico carrying sentiment as it goes.
- 7. Water over time will cut through rock and deposit it downstream As the Colorado River has here in the Grand Canyon
- 9. This tunnel in The Cave of the Winds was created by ground water washing away the weaker stone. Eventually this area became dry and left a cave.
- 10. These are Stalactites they form when water mixes with minerals and drip from a cave ceiling
- 11. Glaciers form where snow falls but does not melt. Two Types Continental – thick sheet of ice Valley – found on mountains Glaciers scrap off sediment and reposition it as they melt.
- 13. Garden of the Gods in Colorado